Alan Turing

Alan Turing was a British mathematician, computer pioneer and computer scientist. He has been called "the father of computer science".

He made large theoretical contributions to computer science in the 1930's, before any actual computers were built. He invented the Turing Machine, a mathematical model of a computing system that is still widely used, and used it to solve the halting problem, the computer science analog of Godel's Incompleteness Theorem. This, together with work by Alonzo Church under whom Turing later did a PhD at Princeton University, led to the Church-Turing Thesis about undecidability of certain questions,

During the Second world War, Turing was one of the key codebreakers on the British ULTRA project which read many German codes throughout the war. He was deeply involved in mechanised attacks on the Enigma machine ciphers and was primarily responsible for breaking the four-rotor U-boat enigma. He was also sent to the US as a top-level cryptographic liaison, working with people like John von Neumann and Claude Shannon.

After the war, Turing was involved in building one of the world's first civilian digital computers at Manchester University. He also continued theoretical work and, in a 1950 paper titled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", he was among the first to ask "Can machines think?" As a partial answer, he proposed the Turing test for successful artificial intelligence. If a skeptic cannot distinguish a computer from a human by having a conversation with it, then he must admit the computer behaves intelligently.

Turing was homosexual and, in 1952, was prosecuted for this and forced to undergo hormonal "therapy" for his "condition". With McCarthyism in full swing in America and intelligence services throughout the Western world feeling more than usually paranoid, this threatened his career. U.K. Prime Minister Gordon Brown, in 2009, expressed his regrets for his treatment. Turing died of poison, apparently suicide, in 1954.

Turing is commemorated in several ways:
 * Association for Computing Machinery Turing Award, the "Nobel Prize of computing", the highest technical award in the field
 * the Loebner Prize is given for progress toward passing the Turing test
 * Manchester University, Turing Lectures
 * Turing memorial in Manchester
 * A stream cipher named Turing.

A fine biography is "Alan Turing: the enigma" by Andrew Hodges. The author's web site has additional Turing information.